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A

Abaca
A specific banana tree; indigenous to the Philippines; introduced also to Borneo, Indonesia and Central and South Americas; the Philippines is the world's largest source and supplier of abaca fibres for specialty paper making; has long and strong fibres; called also as Manilla hemp; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.

Accept
Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning or screening operations.

Acetic acid
CH3COOH; weak carboxylic acid; systematic name ethanoic acid; important chemical reagent and industrial chemical; the acid in vinegar; exists and decomposes in nature; a by-product of the Chempolis process.

Acidic cooking, acidic process
Cooking takes place in acidic conditions; e.g. cooking with formic acid; silica of raw material does not dissolve during acidic cooking; characteristic of the Chempolis process.

ADt, air dry (metric) tonne
1000 kg of material in equilibrium with the atmosphere; common unit for production rates in pulp and paper industry; typically refers to 10% moisture content in dry pulp or paper, although the actual moisture depends on the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere.

Aerobic treatment, aerobic water treatment
Biological breakdown of organic material in the presence of oxygen; the reaction products include carbon dioxide and microbial biomass.

Agitated film evaporator
A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; consists of a single jacketed tube and an internal agitator; solution flows downward on the heat exchange surface by gravity; gives high rates of heat transfer with viscous fluids; applicable in the chemical recovery of the Chempolis process.
See also: falling film evaporator, rising film evaporator

Agricultural residue, agricultural by-product
Residual biomass originating from production, harvesting, and processing of agricultural products; e.g. wheat straw, rice straw, bagasse.

Alkaline extraction
Alkaline extraction, i.e. E stage, is used in lignin removal before or between bleaching stages; the stage is often enhanced with an oxidizing agent, oxygen (Eo stage), hydrogen peroxide (Ep stage) or both (Eop stage); can be attached to Chempolis TCF bleaching.

Alkaline pulping
Chemical pulping in alkaline conditions; conventional methods include pulping with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide (Kraft or sulphate process) or with aqueous sodium hydroxide (soda process). See also: Kraft process, soda process

Alternative fibres
Common name for nonwood or tree free fibres.
See also: nonwood fibres

Alpha cellulose, α-cellulose
See: cellulose

Alpha pulp
See: dissolving pulp

Anaerobic treatment, anaerobic water treatment
Biological breakdown of organic material in the absence of oxygen; the reaction products include methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide.

Annual plant
Plant that has a lifespan of a year or less; e,g, cereal crops; typical raw material for pulping by the Chempolis process.

Anthraquinone, AQ
Quinoid compound added to cooking liquor to improve pulp yield and to increase the rate of delignification.

AOX , Adsorbable Organic Halogen
Measure for characterizing effluents; the amount of chlorine and other halogen compounds that are chemically bound to the soluble organic matter in the effluent; use of chlorine in bleaching causes AOX discharges; absent in the Chempolis process.

Ash
Residue left after complete combustion of material, e.g. pulp, paper, liquors or biomass, at high temperature; inorganic part of material.

Assigned Amount Uniot, AAU
A core unit of the Kyoto Protocol; a unit of measure for a country's total assigned amount of greenhouse emissions under the Kyoto Protocol; total amount of GHG that each country has agreed to not exceed in the first commitment period (2008 to 2012); one AAU represents the tradable right to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent.

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Backpressure power plant
See: combined heat and power plant

Bagasse
Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice; used for energy production and papermaking; good properties for pulping and papermaking; available on site at sugar mills.

Bale
Compressed and bound bundle of (nonwood) raw material or pulp for storage and transportation.

Base paper
Paper that will subsequently be coated laminated or treated in other ways.

Bast fibre
Fibres derived from the bark of annual plants, such as flax, hemp, kenaf or jute; main characteristic of bast fibre is long length.

Batch cooking, batch digestion
A part of chemical pulping process in which fibrous raw material is cooked batchwise See also: continuous pulping

BCTMP
Bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp; chemi-mechanical pulping process.

Belt washer
Washer, which uses rotating wire for dewatering and washing of pulp.

Bioenergy
Energy produced from biofuels.

Biofuel
Fuel, which is available directly or indirectly from biomass.

Biological wastewater treatment
Method for cleaning up wastewater or filtrate using living micro-organisms such as bacteria.

Biomass
Any plant-derived organic matter.

Biomass residue, biomass by-product
Biomass originating from side-streams from agricultural, food production and related industrial operations. See also: agricultural residue

Bio power plant
Power generation plant, which uses bio fuels as energy source.

Biorefinery
Production facility processing all of the lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals, fuels and power; characteristic of the Chempolis process.

Bleaching
Chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp; variations: TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) bleaching See also: ECF, TCF, lignin removing bleaching, lignin retaining bleaching

Bleaching plant
Department of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached.

Blowing, blow
Discharging the content and pressure of the digester after cooking. See also: blow tank

Blow tank
Tank in which cooked raw material including spent cooking liquor is blown from digester at the end of the cooking cycle.

Board
Thick, stiffish paper; grammage 500 g/m2 or more; typically consists of several plies; widely used for packaging purposes. See also: paper, paperboard

BOD, Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Estimate of the amount of oxygen that will be biologically consumed in five (BOD5) or seven (BOD7) days following material, e.g. water, release into receiving water, assuming a temperature of 20°C.

Brightness
The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially calibrated blue light; expressed as per cent (0% no reflectance, 100% full reflectance).

Brownstock
Unbleached chemical pulp.

Brownstock washing
Washing of unbleached chemical pulp.

Bulk
Reciprocal of density, expressed as cubic centimetre per gram.

Burst(ing) strength
Resistance of paper to rupture; measured by the hydrostatic pressure required to burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is applied to one of its side.

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Carbohydrates
Sugar compounds or compounds made up of chains of sugar units; organic molecules composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; e.g. cellulose and hemicelluloses.

Carbon dioxide emissions, CO2 emissions
Produced in the combustion of non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil or natural gas; the emissions are the main reason for the greenhouse effect.

Cellulose
(C6H10O5)n; linear polysaccharide consisting of glucose units; major component of biomasses and plant fibres; major component of pulp and paper; yields glucose upon hydrolysis; obtained as major component in the pulp from the Chempolis process; can be produced in high purity by the Chempolis process. See also: pulp

Cereal crop
Annual crop grown with the main purpose to use the seed for food production. Cereal crop residues, e.g. straws, can be used in pulp and papermaking. Examples: wheat, rice, oat, rye

Certified Emission Reduction, CER
A unit of greenhouse gas reductions that has been generated and certified under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol for Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM); credits adhering to the guidelines of CDM have been generated and are bankable since 2000; CERs can be traded; a CER amounts to one tonne of CO2 equivalent.

Chelating agent
An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with metals in solution; organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA and DTPA.
See also: chelation stage

Chelation
A chemical complexing (forming or joining together) of metallic cations (such as iron) with certain organic compounds, such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetracetic acid); a reaction between a metallic ion and an organic compound that removes the metallic ion from solution.

Chelation stage
Pulp is treated with a chelating agent such as EDTA or DTPA to reduce the transition metal content, e.g. Mn, in the pulp; can precede oxygen, peroxide or ozone bleaching stages.

Chemi-mechanical pulping
Process, where combination of grinding (mechanical pulping) and chemicals (chemical pulping) are used to break down plant into pulp.

Chemical pulp
Pulp manufactured by cooking fibrous feedstocks with solutions of various chemical liquors.

Chemical pulping
Manufacturing of chemical pulp; liberation of fibres from fibrous feedstocks by chemically modifying and dissolving lignin and other constituents.

Chemical recovery, recovery section
Part of a chemical pulping process; combination of processes and operations in which cooking chemicals and water are recovered. See also: evaporation, distillation, fibre line

Chemi-mechanical pulp
Pulp manufactured by a combination of grinding and chemical treatment.

Chempolis process
Advanced, environmentally benign pulping process, developed especially for nonwood and nonfood raw materials.

Chlorine
Cl2; bleaching agent; causes AOX discharges; elemental chlorine is not commonly used in modern pulp bleaching.

Chlorine chemicals
Chlorine-based chemicals used in pulp bleaching; elemental or gaseous chlorine (C), hypochlorite (H) and chlorine dioxide (D); used in conventional pulping processes to achieve high brightness results; not used in the Chempolis process.

Chlorine dioxide
ClO2; bleaching agent; main bleaching chemical in modern alkaline pulping process.

Clean Development Mechanism, CDM
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol; allowes developed countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries; a developed country/investing company receives Certified Emission Reduction (CRUs) from project; creates also benefits for developing countries from project activities. See also: Joint Implementation, Emission Trading, Certified Emission Reduction

Cleaner, centrifugal cleaner
Conical and partly cylindrical device with no moving parts; intended to remove sand and small impurities from pulp or stock by the centrifugal action of rotating liquid; centrifugal cleaning complements pressure screening because some impurities can only be separated using the specific weight of the particle, e.g. impurities equal in size to fibres.

Cleaner production
United Nations' term for sustainable business, reducing environmental impacts from processes, products and services by using better management strategies, methods and tools.

Closed water circulation
System in which used (washing) water is recovered and used again in the process; also a papermaking system in which white water is mainly re-circulated and not discharged as effluent; in the Chempolis process both brownstock washing water and bleaching washing water circulations are closed.

Coarseness
See: fibre coarseness

COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand
Measure for characterizing effluents; amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter present in wastewater or effluent.

Co-generation power plant
See: combined heat and power plant

Combined heat and power, CHP
Use of a power station to simultaneously generate both heat and electricity; applied also in the Chempolis process using lignin as biofuel.

Condensing power plant
Power generated through a turbine stage where the steam is exhausted into a condenser; energy contained in fuel is converted into electricity only. See also: combined heat and power plant

Consistency
Percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.

Continuous pulping, continuous digesting
Production of pulp in a continuous digester. See also: batch pulping

Cooking
Treatment of fibrous raw material with chemicals under pressure and temperature to soften, dissolve and remove lignin component in order to separate fibres.

Cotton fibre
One of the strongest and most durable natural fibres known to man; papers manufactured of cotton fibre will last longer and hold up better under repeated handling and variant environmental conditions than paper made from wood pulp; used for example in currency papers.

Cotton linter
Short fibre remaining on the cotton seed after the long staple fibres have been removed for the use in textile industry; raw material for papermaking.

Crop production residue, crop production by-product
Biomass originating from crop production, harvesting, and processing. See also: agricultural by-product

CSF, Canadian Standard Freeness
Measure of pulp freeness. The unit of measurement is ml CSF.
See also: freeness, SR

CTMP
Chemi-thermomechanical pulp; chemi-mechanical pulping process.

Cyclone cleaner
See: cleaner

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DCS
Digital Control system or Distributed Control System.

Delignification
Removal of lignin from biomass. See also: chemical pulping

Density
Ratio of mass to volume.

Diagrams
Schematic documents produced in various plant design phases; examples: flow diagram, P&I diagram, control diagram.

Digester
Closed vessel.for cooking fibrous feedstocks with solutions of various chemical liquors. See also: chemical pulping, cooking

Displacement, displacement washing
An event of pulp washing in which washing liquid displaces free liquor from a pulp bed in order to improve the washing; enables washing with reduced amount of water.

Dissolving pulp
Special pulp grade with high purity; raw material for cellulose derivatives including viscose and cellulose acetate.

Distillation
Thermal process for separating the components of a mixture by differences in boiling point; in the Chempolis process used for recovery of cooking chemicals and water.

Drum washer
One type of pulp washers; uses pressure gradient and filtration for dewatering and displacement; applicable in the Chempolis process.

Dry basis
Condition in which material is free from moisture.

Drying T
hermal separation process for removing volatile components from solid material by vaporization.

DTPA
Chelating agent. See also: chelation stage

Duplex stainless steel
Austenitic-ferritic steel; combines many of the beneficial properties of ferritic and austenitic steels; high content of chromium and nitrogen, and often also molybdenum; offers good resistance to local and uniform corrosion; duplex microstructure contributes to high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking; good weldability.

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E stage
See: alkaline extraction

Eo stage
See: alkaline extraction

Ep stage
See: alkaline extraction

Eop stage
See: alkaline extraction

ECF, Elemental Chlorine Free
Pulp bleaching process in which elemental chlorine is replaced with chlorine dioxide.

EDTA
Chelating agent. See also: chelation stage

EFB, Empty Fruit Bunch
Leftover part of oil palm fruit bunch after separation of palm oil; cheap and available on site at palm oil mill; potential raw material for pulping and papermaking.

Elephant grass
See: Miscanthus

Emissions Reduction Unit, ERU
Emissions reduction units (ERUs) are units of Greenhouse Gas reductions that have been generated in developed countries via Joint Implementation (JI); can be generated and used for compliance during the 2008 - 2012 period.

Emission Trading, ET
One of the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol; a mechanism whereby developed countries may trade their emission allowances, i.e. Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) with other developed countries.

Energy crop, fuel crop
Woody or herbaceous crop grown specifically for its fuel value. Many energy crops have superior properties for pulping and papermaking. See also: energy grass, fuel grass

Energy grass, fuel grass
Herbaceous energy crop grown specifically for its fuel value; many energy grasses have superior properties for pulping and papermaking; e.g.reed canary grass. See also: Energy crop, fuel crop

Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA
An evaluation study in which it is ensured that the environmental effects of a proposed project are fully considered before it is implemented.

Esparto
Grass growing mainly in North Africa and Southern Spain; contains short fibres; often used in the production of book papers; also known as alfa, Esparto grass and Spanish grass.

Evaporation
Thermal separation process for concentration of liquids by vaporizing volatile components; in the Chempolis process used for direct recovery of cooking chemicals and concentration of dissolved material.

Extended cooking
Method in which pulp is cooked to low lignin content, thereby reducing need for bleaching chemicals.

Extractives
Organic compounds in biomass that are either soluble in neutral organic solvents or water; compounds that are not an integral part of the cellular structure.

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Falling film evaporator
A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows downward on the heat exchange surface by gravity; the heat exchange surface is typically a bundle of plates, lamellas or tubes; commonly used in pulp mills; applicable in the chemical recovery of the Chempolis process. See also: rising film evaporator, agitated film evaporator

Fibres, fibers
Thin, thread-like cellulose structures, which form the main part of plants; main components of pulp and paper.

Fibre board
Panel product manufactured from low-grade wood, wood residues, or similar lignocellulosic materials with primary bonding deriving from the arrangements of fibres and their natural adhesive properties.

Fibre coarseness
Weight per unit length of fibre. Fibre line, fiberline Part of the pulp mill; combination of operations for converting fibrous raw material into pulp; includes, for example, cooking, brownstock washing, screening and bleaching stages. See also: chemical recovery

Fibre orientation
Alignment of the fibres in the paper sheet.

Fieldbus
Generic term applied to an open or generic network of automation devices used for factory automation or process control; industrial network system for real-time distributed control.

Fines
Small fibre particles in pulp.

Fine paper
Uncoated writing and printing grade paper; includes offset, bond, duplicating and photocopying papers.

Formic acid
HCOOH; weak carboxylic acid; systematic name methanoic acid; widely used in chemical industry, pharmacy and agriculture; exists and decomposes in nature; the main cooking chemical in the Chempolis process.

Freeness
Term used to define how quickly water is drained from the pulp. Freeness can be reported in ml CSF and degree SR, respectively. See also: CSF, SR

Fully bleached pulp
Pulp bleached to the highest brightness attainable.

Furfural
C5H4O2; aromatic aldehyde; industrial chemical derived from a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat and wheat bran, and sawdust; produced from hemicelluloses using acid catalyzed reaction; a by-product of the Chempolis process.

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Glucose
C6H12O6; monosaccharide; hexose; structural component of cellulose; abundant component of hemicelluloses, especially in softwoods.

Green chemicals
Organic chemicals derived from biomass like straws, grasses, wood etc; by-products of the Chempolis process.

Greenhouse effect
Increasing mean global surface temperature of the earth caused by gases (e.g. carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gas, GHG
A gas, such as water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), that absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, warming the earth's surface and contributing to climate change.

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HC technology, high consistency technology
Technology which utilizes consistency of 18-40% in fibreline operation of pulp mill.

Hemicelluloses
Partially branched polysaccharide; main structural units are pentoses and hexoses such as xylose and glucose; major component of biomasses; component of plant fibres; hydrolyzes and dissolves partially during delignification in the Chempolis process.

Hemp
Erect, slender annual herb, growing up to four meters tall; one of the highest yielding and least intensive crop to cultivate; fibre from hemp is suitable for example for cigarette and printing papers.

Herbaceous plant
Grass-type nonwood plant; has non-woody stem, which dies back at the end of the growing season.

Hexose
C6H12O6; monosaccharide with six carbon atoms. also: glucose

Holocellulose
Cellulose and hemicellulose together.

Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2; strong oxidizing agent; powerful bleaching agent; various uses including bleaches, dyes, cleansers, antiseptics, disinfectants, dental whitening and mouthwash; breaks down quickly into water and oxygen in the environment; bleaching agent in the Chempolis process.

Hydrogen peroxide bleaching
Bleaching method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); sometimes oxygen is used as reinforcement; the method enables bleaching without chlorine-containing chemicals; applied in the Chempolis process.

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Integrated mill, integrated plant
Mill combination where pulp and paper mills are located at same place; pulp is pumped straight to paper machine without drying.

Internation Emission Trading, IET
See: Emission Trading

ISO brightness
Measure for brightness of paper and board; measured at a wavelength of 457 nanometres under standard conditions.

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Joint Implementation, JI
Joint Implementation (JI) is one of the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol; implemented by developed countries under Kyoto Protocol; a developed country can receive Emission Reduction Units (ERU) when it helps to finance projects that reduce net emissions in another developed country and use those for Kyoto-compliance.
See also: Clean Development Mechanisms, Emission Trading, Emissions reduction unit

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Kappa number
Measure for characterizing the degree of delignification; linear relationship with lignin content.
Kappa Number x 0.15% = % lignin in pulp

Kenaf
Annual plant; has long bast fibres and shorter core fibres well suitable for papermaking.

Kraft process
Chemical alkaline pulping process; known also as sulphate process; uses sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide as cooking chemicals.
See also: alkaline pulping

Kyoto mechanisms
Economic mechanisms based on market principles that parties to the Kyoto Protocol can use in an attempt to reduce the potential economic impacts of greenhouse gas emission-reduction requirements; include Joint Implementation (JI), the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Emissions Trading.
See also: Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanisms, Emission Trading

Kyoto protocol
An international agreement, reached in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, which extends the commitments of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); sets targets for future greenhouse gas emissions, i.e. carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6), for each industrial country that have signed and ratified the protocol.
See also: Kyoto mechanisms

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LC technology, low consistency technology
Technology, which utilises consistency of 1-6% in fibreline operation of pulp mill.

Lignin
Glue-like component of biomasses that keeps plant fibres together; major component of biomasses besides cellulose and hemicelluloses. See also: cellulose, hemicellulose

Lignin-removing bleaching
Pulp bleaching process in which pulp brightness is improved by dissolving and removing lignin; used especially in bleaching of chemical pulp targeting high brightness stability. See also: lignin-retaining bleaching

Lignin-retaining bleaching
Pulp bleaching process in which pulp brightness is improved by reducing the light absorption capacity of lignin.
See also: lignin-removing bleaching

Logging waste
Unused wood biomass from logging operations; increasingly used as biofuel.

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Magnesium sulphate
MgSO4; Magnesium-based stabilizer used is peroxide bleaching.

Manilla hemp
See: Abaca

Market pulp
Pulp, which is made and/or sold to be used elsewhere for production of paper; usually dried to reduce freight costs.

MC pump
Pulp pump operating in medium consistency conditions.

MC technology, medium consistency technology
Technology which utilises consistency of 6-18% in fibreline operation of pulp mill; saves chemicals and energy compared to low consistency (LC) operation; also utilized in the Chempolis process.

M&D digester, Messig&Durkee digester
Inclined continuous digester; used mainly for sawdust, adic prehydrolysis and semi-chemical pulping.

Mechanical pulp
Pulp produced by mechanically grinding usually logs or wood chips; used mainly for newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade printing papers.

Minimum-impact mill
Mill that minimises the consumption of natural resources (wood, water, energy) and minimises the quantity and maximises the quality of releases to air, water and land; characteristic of the Chempolis process

Miscanthus, Miscanthus sinensis
Energy and fibre crop; suited especially for temperate and warm climate countries; called also as Elephant grass.

Monosaccharide
Carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler compounds; also called as simple sugar; e.g. xylose, glucose.

Moulding pulp, molding pulp
Pulp, which is used for producing pulp-based or fibrous products by pressing; example products: egg packages, trays and boxes for fruits and vegetables.

Multi-stage bleaching
Pulp bleaching process in which pulp is bleached in more than one stage; gives best bleaching results regarding both quality and economy.

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Nonfood plant, nonfood crop
Plant cultivated to other purposes than production of food. Includes for example energy crops and fibre crops.

Nonwood fibres, non-wood fibers, nonwood pulp
Papermaking fibre/pulp derived from plants other than trees, such as straws, bagasse, cotton, hemp or jute.

NSSC, neutral sulphite pulp
Semi-chemical pulp produced by cooking raw material in a neutral sulphite solution.

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OCS
Operation and control system. See also: DCS

ODt, oven dry (metric) tonne
1000 kg of material free of moisture.

Organosolv pulping
Pulping method using organic solvent, e.g. organic acid or alcohol, as delignification/cooking chemical.

Oxygen chemicals
Oxygen-based chemicals used in pulp bleaching; oxygen (O), hydrogen peroxide (P), ozone (Z) and peracetic acid (Paa); enable TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) bleaching; the Chempolis process is based on TCF bleaching.

Oxygen delignification
Process in which oxygen gas (O2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are used to remove lignin from pulp.

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Pandia digester
See: tube digester

Paper
Thin sheet of material made of vegetable fibres; basic weight 150 g/m2 or less.
See also: paperboard, board

Paperboard
Heavyweight, thick, stiff and single or multi-layer sheet; paper heavier than 150 g/m2 is normally called paperboard and paperboard heavier than 500 g/m2 is called board.
See also: paper, board

Paper machine
Machine that employs filtration, couching, pressing and drying operation in order to manufacture paper, paperboard or board from stock.

Parenchyma cell
An unspecialised plant cell with thin cell wall.

Pentose
C5H10O5; monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.
See also: xylose

Perennial, perennial plant
Plant that produces flowers and seeds more than one time in its lifespan, and therefore lives for more than one year; e.g. miscanthus, reed canary grass; typical raw material for pulping by the Chempolis process.

Peroxide bleaching
See: Hydrogen peroxide bleaching

PGW
Pressurized ground wood; mechanical pulping process.

Pith
Light substance that is found in vascular plants; consists of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, and is located in the centre of the stem or root.

PLC
Programmable logic controller; small computer used for automation of processes and machinery.

Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate containing several monosaccharide units; e.g. cellulose, hemicelluloses.

Pressure screen
A type of screen operating against positive back pressure; can be directly connected to other screening devices in series or cascade; applicable in the Chempolis process.
See also: screen

Process simulation
Computer calculation action in which process operations and/or whole process are modelled in order to calculate state variables and outputs according to given process structure and input values; used mainly in process development, optimisation and design of equipment and related systems; an essential part of Chempolis's services.

Pulp
Suspension of vegetable fibres in water; fibrous material, which is used in the papermaking process to create sheet paper or other products; main component is cellulose; produced by chemical, semi-chemical, chemi-mechanical or mechanical pulping processes.
See also: chemical pulp, mechanical pulp, chemi-mechanical pulp

Pulp drying machine, pulp dryer
Machine that is used in drying of pulp, instead of pumping it straight to an integrated paper machine; dried pulp is normally sheeted and baled before transportation.

Pulp freeness
See: freeness

Pulping
Manufacturing of pulp.

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Q stage
See: chelation stage

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R&D
Abbreviation for Research and Development.

Recovered paper
Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products.

Recovery
See: chemical recovery

Recycled fibre
Fibre derived from recovered paper.

Reed
General name of various perennial plants; e.g. common reed, reed canary grass, giant reed; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.

Reed canary grass
Energy and fibre crop; suited especially for cold climate countries, e.g. Scandinavia or Canada; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.

Reinforcement pulp
Chemical pulp with long fibre content, usually softwood pulp; added to give paper greater strength properties and to improve runnability on paper machine or printing press; many nonwood plants have long or extra long fibres and can be used for the production of reinforcement pulp.

Reject
Material removed during the cleaning and screening of pulp.

Renewable energy
Energy produced and/or derived from sources infinitely renovated (hydro, solar, wind) or generated by combustible renewables (sustainably produced biomass).

Rice straw
Remarkable raw material for pulping and papermaking purposes; poorly applicable in alkaline pulping processes because of high silica content.

Rising film evaporator
A type of tubular heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows upward on the heat exchange surface; vaporization ' of the volatile solvent reduces the density of the mixture and causes the vapour-liquid mixture to rise; commonly used in pulp mills but less common in new installations. See also: falling film evaporator, agitated film evaporator

Ruokohelpi (in Finnish)
See: reed canary grass

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Sawdust
Fine wood particles created when sawing wood; used as biofuel, pulping raw material, panel board production, animal litter etc.

Scaling
Fouling and clogging of heat exchangers due to deposition of inorganic and organic compounds; typical problem in evaporation of alkaline pulping liquors; reduces the operation efficiency and increases maintenance costs of pulp mills; in alkaline nonwood pulping dissolved silica is the main reason for scaling; hinders the chemical recovery of alkaline nonwood pulping; not a problem in the Chempolis process.

Screen
Device used to remove large solids particles such as fibre bundles, flakes and shives from stock.
See also: pressure screen

Screening
Unit operation which separates shieves and other nonfibrous material from pulp.

Screw digester
See: Tube digester

Silica
SiO2; Silicon dioxide; hard mineral; major inorganic component in plants; content in plants up to 15% of dry weight; dissolves in alkaline solutions such as alkaline pulping liquor; does not dissolve into acids, such as formic acid in the Chempolis process.
See also: silica problem

Silica problem
In conventional alkaline pulping, silica of plants dissolves during the cooking and appears in the spent cooking liquor as sodium silicate and other complex siliceous compounds causing problems in chemical recovery; these compounds hinder the utilization of alkaline pulping for nonwood raw materials as they contain more silica than wood; silica does not cause problems in the Chempolis process.

Simulation
See: process simulation

Sisal
Perennial cactus plant, Agave; survives and can produce a marketable product in infertile arid regions which in many cases would otherwise be unproductive. Shorter fibres of plant are used for padding, mat, paper and panel manufacturing.

Soda process, soda pulping
Chemical alkaline pulping process; uses sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as cooking chemical; application for nonwood feedstocks has caused severe environmental problems.

Straw pulp
Pulp made from straws, such as rice straw or wheat straw. Sulphate process See: Kraft process

Sulphite process
Chemical pulping process in which pulp is produced by cooking raw material in a solution of sulphur dioxide and ammonium-, calcium-, sodium- or magnesium-sulphite.

Sulphur-free process
Process that does not use sulphur-based chemicals; characteristic of the Chempolis process.

Sustainable development, sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; driving force in the development of the Chempolis process.

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TCF, Totally Chlorine Free
Pulp bleaching process without the use of chlorine and chlorine compounds.

Tear strength
Measure of how likely paper will continue to tear once started.

Tensile strength
Measure of how likely paper is to break when pulled at opposite ends.

Thermosyphon reboiler
A type of heat exchanger commonly used for vaporising a part of the bottom product of a distillation column; both vertical and horizontal installations; vaporization of the bottom product reduces the density of the mixture and causes the vapor-liquid mixture to circulate through the exchanger; applicable in the chemical recovery of the Chempolis process.

Tissue, tissue paper
Common term for low weight and thin sheet paper; normally weights less than 40 g/m2; used in home paper products (facial tissue, toilet paper, napkins, paper towels etc.), in industrial & commercial products (hospital and restaurant papers and products etc.) and in specialty products (decorative, glazed and creped papers etc.); nonwood pulp produced by the Chempolis process is ideal for tissue papers.

TMP
Thermomechanical pulp; mechanical pulping process.

Tree free pulp
Pulp manufactured from plants other than trees.
See also: nonwood pulp

Tree free paper
Paper or paper product manufactured from pulps derived from plants other than trees; recycled paper is also sometimes called tree free paper.

Tube digester
Single or multi-tube continuous digester; used mainly in nonwood pulping and sawdust pulping purposes; horizontal tubes.

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Unbleached pulp
Pulp not treated with any bleaching chemical; used mainly for packaging paper grades or paperboards.

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Virgin fibre, virgin fiber
Vegetable fibre never before used in pulping or papermaking.

Virgin forest
Forest in its natural state.

Viscose pulp
Dissolving pulp for the manufacture of viscose.

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Washing
Process for separating dissolved material and spent cooking or bleaching chemicals from pulp.

Wash press
One type of pulp washer; uses pressing action for dewatering and displacement; applicable in the Chempolis process.

Wet basis
Condition in which material contains moisture.

Wood free paper
Paper made from chemical pulp.
See also: tree free paper

Wood free pulp
Chemical pulp; trees usually as raw material.
See also: tree free pulp

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Xylan
A type of hemicellulose; yellow, water-soluble, gummy polysaccharide found in plant (e.g. hardwood or cereal straws) cell walls; main structural components are xylose and other pentoses; yields xylose and other pentoses upon hydrolysis.
See also: xylose, hemicelluloses

Xylose
C5H10O5; monosaccharide; pentose; abundant component of hemicelluloses, especially of xylans; used in dyeing, tanning and in diabetic diets; also called as wood sugar; xylose can be easily recovered in the Chempolis process.

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Yield
The amount of product from a process compared to the amount of raw material.

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3D design, 3D plant design
A form of modern piping and layout engineering, in which high-end three-dimensional (3D) design tools are applied; applied in the engineering of pulp mills based on the Chempolis process.

3D model, 3D plant model
Detailed three-dimensional (3D) model of the plant, created in detailed piping and layout engineering; all piping and layout diagrams with related lists and document are created/generated from the millimetre accurate model.

Click here to see example pictures from 3D model of Chempolis process:
Picture 1, Picture 2, Picture 3, Picture 4